References

  1. Salit IE, Sano M, Boggild AK, Kain KC. Travel patterns and risk behaviour of HIV-positive people travelling internationally. CMAJ. 2005;172(7):884-8.
  2. Hochberg NS, Barnett ED, Chen LH, Wilson ME, Iyer H, MacLeod WB, et al., editors. International travel by persons with medical comorbidities: understanding risks and providing advice. Mayo clinic proceedings; 2013: Elsevier.
  3. Franco-Paredes C, Hidron A, Tellez I, Lesesne J, Del Rio C. HIV infection and travel: pretravel recommendations and health-related risks. Top HIV Med. 2009;17(1):2-11.
  4. Spacek LA, Quinn TC. International travel: recommendations for the HIV-infected patient. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2004;6(5):399-403.
  5. Limper AH, Adenis A, Le T, Harrison TS. Fungal infections in HIV/AIDS. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(11):e334-e43.
  6. Supparatpinyo K, Chiewchanvit S, Hirunsri P, Uthammachai C, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T. Penicillium marneffei infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14(4):871-4.
  7. Wong K, Lee S, Chan K, Choi T. Redefining AIDS: case exemplified by Penicillium marneffei infection in HIV-infected people in Hong Kong. Int J STD AIDS. 1998;9(9):555-6.
  8. Larsson M, Nguyen LHT, Wertheim HF, Dao TT, Taylor W, Horby P, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of Penicillium marneffei infection among HIV-infected patients in northern Vietnam. AIDS Res Ther. 2012;9(1):24.
  9. Le T, Wolbers M, Chi NH, Quang VM, Chinh NT, Huong Lan NP, et al. Epidemiology, seasonality, and predictors of outcome of AIDS-associated Penicillium marneffei infection in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(7):945-52.
  10. Ungpakorn R. Cutaneous manifestations of Penicillium marneffei infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2000;13(2):129-34.
  11. Jones P, See J. Penicillium marneffei infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: late presentation in an area of nonendemicity. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;15(4):744.
  12. Cao C, Liang L, Wang W, Luo H, Huang S, Liu D, et al. Common reservoirs for Penicillium marneffei infection in humans and rodents, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(2):209.
  13. Le T. The clinical and environmental epidemiology of Penicillium marneffei infection in Vietnam: University of Oxford; 2015.
  14. Wu T, Chan JW, Ng C, Tsang DN, Lee M, Li PC. Clinical presentations and outcomes of Penicillium marneffei infections: a series from 1994 to 2004. Hong Kong Med J. 2008;14(2):103.
  15. Hu Y, Zhang J, Li X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, et al. Penicillium marneffei infection: an emerging disease in mainland China. Mycopathologia. 2013;175(1-2):57-67.
  16. Son V, Khue P, Strobel M. Penicilliosis and AIDS in Haiphong, Vietnam: evolution and predictive factors of death. Med Mal Infect. 2014;44(11-12):495-501.
  17. Huang Y-T, Hung C-C, Liao C-H, Sun H-Y, Chang S-C, Chen Y-C. Detection of circulating galactomannan in serum samples for diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection and cryptococcosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(9):2858-62.
  18. Prakit K, Nosanchuk JD, Pruksaphon K, Vanittanakom N, Youngchim S. A novel inhibition ELISA for the detection and monitoring of Penicillium marneffei antigen in human serum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(4):647-56.
  19. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. [Available from: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf (Accessed on Oct 30, 2019).
  20. Le T, Kinh NV, Cuc NT, Tung NL, Lam NT, Thuy PT, et al. A trial of itraconazole or amphotericin B for HIV-associated talaromycosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(24):2329-40.
  21. Chariyalertsak S, Supparatpinyo K, Sirisanthana T, Nelson KE. A controlled trial of itraconazole as primary prophylaxis for systemic fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(2):277-84.
  22. Woods JP. Revisiting old friends: Developments in understanding Histoplasma capsulatum pathogenesis. J Microbiol. 2016;54(3):265-76.
  23. McKinsey DS. Histoplasmosis in AIDS: advances in management. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 1998;12(10):775-81.
  24. Muhi S, Crowe A, Daffy J. Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis Outbreak in A Documentary Film Crew Travelling from Guatemala to Australia. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019;4(1):25.
  25. Breton G, Adle-Biassette H, Therby A, Ramanoelina J, Choudat L, Bissuel F, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. AIDS. 2006;20(1):119-21.
  26. Wheat LJ. Approach to the diagnosis of the endemic mycoses. Clin Chest Med. 2009;30(2):379-89.
  27. Vail GM, Mocherla S, Wheat LJ, Goldberg J, Camp A, Brizendine E, et al. Cellular immune response in HIV-infected patients with histoplasmosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;29(1):49-53.
  28. Johnson PC, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, Goldman M, Lancaster D, Bamberger DM, et al. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(2):105-9.
  29. Goldman M, Zackin R, Fichtenbaum CJ, Skiest DJ, Koletar SL, Hafner R, et al. Safety of discontinuation of maintenance therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis after immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(10):1485-9.
  30. Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA. Coccidioidomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003;17(1):41-57.
  31. Ampel NM. Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(8):1174-8.
  32. Andreani G, Lodge R, Richard D, Tremblay MJ. Mechanisms of interaction between protozoan parasites and HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7(3):275-81.
  33. Pintado V, Lopez-Velez R. HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001;7(6):291-300.
  34. Mayer KH, Karp CL, Auwaerter PG, Mayer KH. Coinfection with HIV and tropical infectious diseases. I. Protozoal pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(9):1208-13.
  35. Alvar J, Canavate C, Gutierrez-Solar B, Jimenez M, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, et al. Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997;10(2):298-319.
  36. Rosenthal E, Marty P, Poizot-Martin I, Reynes J, Pratlong F, Lafeuillade A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV-1 co-infection in southern France. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89(2):159-62.
  37. Mondain-Miton V, Toussaint-Gari M, Hofman P, Marty P, Carles M, De Salvador F, et al. Atypical leishmaniasis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect DIs. 1995;21(3):663-5.
  38. Mota MS, Matsumo MC, Schmitz MF, Machado MP. Cutaneous leishmaniasis coinfection in AIDS patients: Case report and literature review. Braz J Infect Dis. 1997;1(3):142-4.
  39. Pintado V, Martin-Rabadan P, Rivera ML, Moreno S, Bouza E. Visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients: a comparative study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2001;80(1):54-73.
  40. Medrano FJ, Jimenez-Mejias E, Calderon E, Regordan C, Leal M. An easy and quick method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS. 1993;7(10):1399.
  41. Antinori S, Calattini S, Longhi E, Bestetti G, Piolini R, Magni C, et al. Clinical use of polymerase chain reaction performed on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for the diagnosis and monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients: a single-center, 8-year experience in Italy and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(12):1602-10.
  42. Medrano FJ, Cañavate C, Leal M, Rey C, Lissen E, Alvar J. The role of serology in the diagnosis and prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59(1):155-62.
  43. Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, Bhattacharya SK, Rai M. Oral miltefosine for the treatment of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:S26-S33.
  44. Alvar J, Croft S, Olliaro P. Chemotherapy in the treatment and control of leishmaniasis. Adv Parasitol. 2006;61:223-74.
  45. Akuffo H, Costa C, van Griensven J, Burza S, Moreno J, Herrero M. New insights into leishmaniasis in the immunosuppressed. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(5):e0006375.
  46. Berry A, Abraham B, Dereure J, Pinzani V, Bastien P, Reynes J. Two case reports of symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis in AIDS patients concomitant with immune reconstitution due to antiretroviral therapy. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36(3):225-7.
  47. Badaró R, Johnson Jr WD. The role of interferon-γ in the treatment of visceral and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 1993;167(Suppl 1):S13-S7.
  48. Badaro R, Nascimento C, Carvalho J, Badaro F, Russo D, Ho J, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in combination with pentavalent antimony for the treatment of visceral Leishmaniasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;13(2):S23-S8.
  49. Diro E, Ritmeijer K, Boelaert M, Alves F, Mohammed R, Abongomera C, et al. Use of pentamidine as secondary prophylaxis to prevent visceral leishmaniasis relapse in HIV infected patients, the first twelve months of a prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(10):e0004087.
  50. López-Vélez R, Videla S, Márquez M, Boix V, Jiménez-Mejías ME, Górgolas M, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex versus no treatment in the secondary prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53(3):540-3.
  51. Bittencourt AL. Congenital chagas disease. Am J Dis Child. 1976;130(1):97-103.
  52. Rassi Jr A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA. Chagas disease. Lancet. 2010;375(9723):1388-402.
  53. Schmunis GA, Cruz JR. Safety of the blood supply in Latin America. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(1):12-29.
  54. Vaidian AK, Weiss LM, Tanowitz HB. Chagas' disease and AIDS. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2004;3(1):2.
  55. Sartori A, Ibrahim K, Nunes Westphalen E, Braz L, Oliveira O, Gakiya E, et al. Manifestations of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) in patients with HIV/AIDS. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2007;101(1):31-50.
  56. Kirchhoff LV, Weiss LM, Wittner M, Tanowitz HB. Parasitic diseases of the heart. Front Biosci. 2004;9(706):23.
  57. Whitworth J, Morgan D, Quigley M, Smith A, Mayanja B, Eotu H, et al. Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immunosuppression on malaria parasitaemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study. Lancet. 2000;356(9235):1051-6.
  58. Patnaik P, Jere CS, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Wirima J, Pendame R, et al. Effects of HIV-1 serostatus, HIV-1 RNA concentration, and CD4 cell count on the incidence of malaria infection in a cohort of adults in rural Malawi. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(6):984-91.
  59. Mouala C, Guiguet M, Houzé S, Damond F, Pialoux G, Viget N, et al. Impact of HIV infection on severity of imported malaria is restricted to patients with CD4 cell counts< 350 cells/μl. AIDS. 2009;23(15):1997-2004.
  60. Msamanga GI, Taha TE, Young AM, Brown ER, Hoffman IF, Read JS, et al. Placental malaria and mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80(4):508-15.
  61. Bulterys PL, Chao A, Dalai SC, Zink MC, Dushimimana A, Katzenstein D, et al. Placental malaria and mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in rural Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85(2):202-6.
  62. Ezeamama A, Duggan C, Manji K, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, Bosch R, et al. Clinical malaria diagnosis in pregnancy in relation to early perinatal mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV: a prospective cohort study. HIV Med 2014;15(5):276-85.
  63. Tuffour J, Owusu-Mireku E, Ruf M-T, Aboagye S, Kpeli G, Akuoku V, et al. Challenges associated with management of Buruli ulcer/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in a treatment center in Ghana: a case series study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(2):216-23.
  64. Christinet V, Comte E, Ciaffi L, Odermatt P, Serafini M, Antierens A, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on the severity of buruli ulcer disease: results of a retrospective study in cameroon. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1(1):ofu021.
  65. Laso JMG, Mayoral TN, Gutiérrez JJP, González ÉS, Martín BR, Rodríguez LB, et al. Buruli ulcers in a Spanish aid worker after a stay in Peru. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;78:99-102.
  66. O'Brien DP, Jeanne I, Blasdell K, Avumegah M, Athan E. The changing epidemiology worldwide of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147.
  67. Huang GKL, Johnson PD. Epidemiology and management of Buruli ulcer. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12(7):855-65.
  68. World Health Organization. Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer): guidance for health workers. 2012. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77771/9789241503402_eng.pdf (accessed on 7th Nov 2019).
  69. Kibadi K, Colebunders R, Muyembe-Tamfum J-J, Meyers WM, Portaels F. Buruli ulcer lesions in HIV-positive patient. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(4):738.
  70. Loftus MJ, Trubiano JA, Tay EL, Lavender CJ, Globan M, Fyfe JA, et al. The incubation period of Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) in Victoria, Australia–Remains similar despite changing geographic distribution of disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(3):e0006323.
  71. World Health Organization. Laboratory diagnosis of buruli ulcer: a manual for health care providers. Ed: Portaels F. 2014. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/111738/9789241505703_eng.pdf (Accessed on 7th Nov 2019).
  72. O'Brien DP, Ford N, Vitoria M, Christinet V, Comte E, Calmy A, et al. Management of BU–HIV co‐infection. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(9):1040-7.