Abrams, D., Y. Lévy, M.H. Losso, et al. Interleukin-2 therapy in patients with HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 361:1548–1559.
Albert, J., B. Abrahamsson, K. Nagy, E et al Rapid development of isolate-specific neutralizing antibodies after primary HIV-1 infection and consequent emergence of virus variants which resist neutralization by autologous sera. AIDS 1990; 4:107–12.
Alter, G., and D.H. Barouch. Natural Evolution of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell. 2015; 161:427–428.
Ammann, A.J., and J. Levy. Laboratory investigation of pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1986; 40:122–7.
Ananworanich, J., T. Puthanakit, P. Suntarattiwong, K. et al. Reduced markers of HIV persistence and restricted HIV-specific immune responses after early antiretroviral therapy in children. AIDS. 2014; 28:1015–1020.
Andersson, J., H. Behbahani, J. Lieberman, E. et al. Perforin is not co-expressed with granzyme A within cytotoxic granules in CD8 T lymphocytes present in lymphoid tissue during chronic HIV infection. AIDS 1999; 13:1295–303.
Appay, V., D.F. Nixon, S.M. Donahoe, et al. HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells produce antiviral cytokines but are impaired in cytolytic function. J. Exp. Med. 2000; 192:63–75.
Apps, R., Y. Qi, J.M. Carlson, H. et al. Influence of HLA-C Expression Level on HIV Control. Science. 2013; 340:87–91.
Archin, N.M., A.L. Liberty, A.D. Kashuba, S.K. et al. Administration of vorinostat disrupts HIV-1 latency in patients on antiretroviral therapy. Nature. 2012; 487:482–485.
Attridge, K., C.J. Wang, L. Wardzinski, R. et al. IL-21 inhibits T cell IL-2 production and impairs Treg homeostasis. Blood. 2012; 119:4656–4664.
Autran, B., G. Carcelain, T.S. Li, C. Blanc, et al. Positive Effects of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy on CD4+ T Cell Homeostasis and Function in Advanced HIV Disease. Science. 1997; 277:112–116.
Ayala, V.I., M.T. Trivett, E.V. Barsov, et al. Adoptive Transfer of Engineered Rhesus Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Reduces the Number of Transmitted/Founder Viruses Established in Rhesus Macaques. J. Virol. 2016. 90:9942–9952.
Bachelerie, F., A. Ben-Baruch, A.M. Burkhardt, et al. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIX. Update on the Extended Family of Chemokine Receptors and Introducing a New Nomenclature for Atypical Chemokine Receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 2014; 66:1–79.
Bachtel, N.D., G. Umviligihozo, S. Pickering, et al. HLA-C downregulation by HIV-1 adapts to host HLA genotype. PLOS Pathog. 2018; 14:e1007257.
Banga, R., F.A. Procopio, A. Noto, G. et al. PD-1+ and follicular helper T cells are responsible for persistent HIV-1 transcription in treated aviremic individuals. Nat. Med. 2016; 22:754–761.
Benito, J.M., M. López, S. Lozano, C. et al. Hydroxyurea exerts an anti-proliferative effect on T cells but has no direct impact on cellular activation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007; 149:171–177.
Bernard, N.F., C.M. Yannakis, J.S. Lee, C.M. Tsoukas. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in HIV-exposed seronegative persons. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 179:538–47.
Blazek, D., F. Teque, C. Mackewicz, M. et al. The CD8+ cell non-cytotoxic antiviral response affects RNA polymerase II-mediated human immunodeficiency virus transcription in infected CD4+ cells. J. Gen. Virol. 2016; 97:220–224.
Bloch, M.T., D.E. Smith, D. Quan, et al. The role of hydroxyurea in enhancing the virologic control achieved through structured treatment interruption in primary HIV infection: final results from a randomized clinical trial (Pulse). J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1999; 42:192–202.
Bonyhadi, M.L., L. Rabin, S. Salimi, et al. HIV induces thymus depletion in vivo. Nature. 1993; 363:728–32.
Bournazos, S., F. Klein, J. Pietzsch, M.S. et al. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Require Fc Effector Functions for In Vivo Activity. Cell. 2014; 158:1243–1253.
Bradney, A.P., S. Scheer, J.M. Crawford, S.P. et al. Neutralization escape in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected long-term nonprogressors. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 179:1264–7.
Brenchley, J.M., D.A. Price, and D.C. Douek. HIV disease: fallout from a mucosal catastrophe? Nat. Immunol. 2006; 7:235–239.
Brenchley, J.M., D.A. Price, T.W. Schacker, T.E. et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat. Med. 2006; 12:1365–71.
Brenchley, J.M., T.W. Schacker, L.E. Ruff, et al. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exp. Med. 2004; 200:749–59.
Broussard, S., S. Staprans, R. White, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in naturally infected African green monkeys without inducing immunologic or neurologic disease. J Virol. 2001; 75:2262–75.
Brown, A., S. Gartner, T. Kawano, et al. HLA-A2 down-regulation on primary human macrophages infected with an M-tropic EGFP-tagged HIV-1 reporter virus. J Leukoc Biol. 2005; 78:675–85.
Bruner, K.M., Z. Wang, F.R. Simonetti, et al. A quantitative approach for measuring the reservoir of latent HIV-1 proviruses. Nature. 2019; 566:120-125
Buggert, M., M.M. Norström, M. Salemi, et al. Functional Avidity and IL-2/Perforin Production Is Linked to the Emergence of Mutations within HLA-B*5701–Restricted Epitopes and HIV-1 Disease Progression. J. Immunol. 2014; 192:4685–4696.
Bullen, C.K., G.M. Laird, C.M. Durand, et al. New ex vivo approaches distinguish effective and ineffective single agents for reversing HIV-1 latency in vivo. Nat. Med. 2014; 20:425–429.
Burton, D.R., and J.R. Mascola. Antibody responses to envelope glycoproteins in HIV-1 infection. Nat. Immunol. 2015; 16:571–576.
Burton, D.R., P. Poignard, R.L. Stanfield, I.A. Wilson.Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science. 2012; 337:183–186.
Buzon, M.J., H. Sun, C. Li, A. et al.HIV-1 persistence in CD4+ T cells with stem cell-like properties. Nat. Med. 2014; 20:139–142.
Caldwell, R.L., B.S. Egan, and V.L. Shepherd. HIV-1 Tat represses transcription from the mannose receptor promoter. J. Immunol. 2000; 165:7035–41.
Carrington, M., G.W. Nelson, M.P. Martin, et al. HLA and HIV-1: Heterozygote Advantage and B*35-Cw*04 Disadvantage. Science. 1999; 283:1748–1752.
Caskey, M., F. Klein, J.C.C. Lorenzi, et al. Viraemia suppressed in HIV-1-infected humans by broadly neutralizing antibody 3BNC117. Nature. 2015; 522:487-91
Caskey, M., F. Klein, and M.C. Nussenzweig. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies in the clinic. Nat. Med. 2019; 25:547.
Cattin, A., T.R. Wiche Salinas, A. et al. HIV-1 is rarely detected in blood and colon myeloid cells during viral-suppressive antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:1293–1306.
Cavert, W., D.W. Notermans, K. Staskus, et al. Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection. Science. 1997; 276:960–4.
Center, D.M., H. Kornfeld, T.C. Ryan, W.W. Cruikshank. Interleukin 16: implications for CD4 functions and HIV-1 progression. Immunol. Today. 2000; 21:273–280.
Champagne, P., G.S. Ogg, A.S. King, et al. Skewed maturation of memory HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. Nature. 2001; 410:106–11.
Chase, A.J., A.R. Sedaghat, J.R. German, et al. Severe depletion of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells from the intestinal lamina propria but not peripheral blood or lymph nodes during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. 2007; 81:12748–57.
Chen, H., Z.M. Ndhlovu, D. Liu, et al. TCR clonotypes modulate the protective effect of HLA class I molecules in HIV-1 infection. Nat. Immunol. 2012; 13:691–700.
Cheng, L., J. Ma, J. Li, et al. Blockade of type I interferon signaling reverses HIV-1 induced immune dysfunction and reduces HIV-1 reservoirs. J. Immunol. 017; 2198:158.3-158.3.
Chéret, A., C. Bacchus-Souffan, V. Avettand-Fenoël, et al. Combined ART started during acute HIV infection protects central memory CD4+ T cells and can induce remission. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2015; 70:2108-20
Cheynier, R., P. Langlade-Demoyen, M.R. Marescot, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the peripheral blood of children born to human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected mothers. Eur. J. Immunol. 1992; 22:2211–7.
Chirmule, N., V.S. Kalyanaraman, C. Saxinger, et al. Localization of B-cell stimulatory activity of HIV-1 to the carboxyl terminus of gp41. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1990; 6:299–305.
Chiu, Y.-L., V.B. Soros, J.F. Kreisberg, et al. Cellular APOBEC3G restricts HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T cells. Nature. 2005; 435:108–14.
Chiu, Y.-L., H.E. Witkowska, S.C. Hall, et al. High-molecular-mass APOBEC3G complexes restrict Alu retrotransposition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006; 103:15588–93.
Chomont, N., M. El-Far, P. Ancuta, et al. HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation. Nat. Med. 2009; 15:893–900.
Chouquet, C., B. Autran, E. Gomard, et al. Correlation between breadth of memory HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells, viral load and disease progression in HIV infection. AIDS. 2002; 16:2399–2407.
Ciccone, E.J., J.H. Greenwald, P.I. Lee, et al. CD4+ T Cells, Including Th17 and Cycling Subsets, Are Intact in the Gut Mucosa of HIV-1-Infected Long-Term Nonprogressors. J. Virol.
Clerici, M., J.V. Giorgi, C.C. Chou, et al. Cell-mediated immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in seronegative homosexual men with recent sexual exposure to HIV-1. J. Infect. Dis. 1992; 165:1012–9.
Clerici, M., J.M. Levin, H.A. Kessler, et al. HIV-specific T-helper activity in seronegative health care workers exposed to contaminated blood. JAMA 1994; 271:42–6.
Colby, D.J., L. Trautmann, S. Pinyakorn, et al. Rapid HIV RNA rebound after antiretroviral treatment interruption in persons durably suppressed in Fiebig I acute HIV infection. Nat. Med. 2018; 24:923-926
Collman, R., N.F. Hassan, R. Walker, et al. Infection of monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Monocyte-tropic and lymphocyte-tropic strains of HIV-1 show distinctive patterns of replication in a panel of cell types. J. Exp. Med. 1989; 170:1149–63.
Colonna, M. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Diversity, Plasticity, and Unique Functions in Immunity. Immunity. 2018; 48:1104–1117.
Connick, E., D.G. Marr, X.Q. Zhang, et al. HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in primary HIV infection. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1996; 12:1129–40.
Conway, J.M., and A.S. Perelson. Post-treatment control of HIV infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2015; 112:5467–5472.
Copeland, K.F., P.J. McKay, K.L. Rosenthal. Suppression of activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by CD8+ T cells is not lentivirus specific. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1995; 11:1321–6.
Cruikshank, W.W., K. Lim, A.C. Theodore, et al. IL-16 inhibition of CD3-dependent lymphocyte activation and proliferation. J. Immunol. 1996; 157:5240–5248.
DaFonseca, S., J. Niessl, S. Pouvreau, et al. Impaired Th17 polarization of phenotypically naive CD4+ T-cells during chronic HIV-1 infection and potential restoration with early ART. Retrovirology. 2015; 12:38.
Day, C.L., D.E. Kaufmann, P. Kiepiela, et al. PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Nature. 2006; 443:350–4.
De Wit, S., M. Delforge, C.V. Necsoi, N. Clumeck. Downregulation of CD38 activation markers by atorvastatin in HIV patients with undetectable viral load. AIDS 2011; 25:1332–1333.
Deeks, S.G. HIV: Shock and kill. Nature. 2012 487:439–440.
Del Cornò, M., M.C. Gauzzi, G. Penna, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120; and other activation stimuli are highly effective in triggering alpha interferon and CC chemokine production in circulating plasmacytoid but not myeloid dendritic cells. J. Virol. 2005; 79:12597–601.
Deleage, C., A. Schuetz, W.G. Alvord, et al. Impact of early cART in the gut during acute HIV infection. JCI Insight. 2016; 1. pii: e87065.
Delwart, E.L., H.W. Sheppard, B.D. Walker, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution in vivo tracked by DNA heteroduplex mobility assays. J. Virol. 1994; 68:6672–83.
Deng, K., M. Pertea, A. Rongvaux, et al. Broad CTL response is required to clear latent HIV-1 due to dominance of escape mutations. Nature. 2015; 517:381–385.
Dion, M.-L., J.-F. Poulin, R. Bordi, et al. HIV infection rapidly induces and maintains a substantial suppression of thymocyte proliferation. Immunity. 2004; 21:757–68.
Doitsh, G., N.L.K. Galloway, X. Geng, et al. Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 2014; 505:509–514.
Dominguez-Villar, M., A.-S. Gautron, M. de Marcken, et al. TLR7 induces anergy in human CD4+ T cells. Nat. Immunol. 2015; 16:118–128.
Douek, D. HIV disease progression: immune activation, microbes, and a leaky gut. Top. HIV Med. 2007; 15:114-7.
Douek, D.C., J.M. Brenchley, M.R. Betts, et al. HIV preferentially infects HIV-specific CD4+ T cells. Nature. 2002; 417:95–8.
Douek, D.C., R.D. McFarland, P.H. Keiser, et al. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature. 1998; 396:690–5.
Dunham, R., P. Pagliardini, S. Gordon, et al. The AIDS resistance of naturally SIV-infected sooty mangabeys is independent of cellular immunity to the virus. Blood. 2006; 108:209–17.
DuPage, M., J.A. Bluestone. Harnessing the plasticity of CD4+ T cells to treat immune-mediated disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2016; 16:149–163.
Eckard, A.R., Y. Jiang, S.M. Debanne, et al. Effect of 24 Weeks of Statin Therapy on Systemic and Vascular Inflammation in HIV-Infected Subjects Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 2014; 209:1156–1164.
Eggena, M.P., B. Barugahare, N. Jones, et al. Depletion of regulatory T cells in HIV infection is associated with immune activation. J Immunol. 2005; 174:4407–14.
Ellery, P.J., E. Tippett, Y.-L. Chiu, et al. The CD16+ monocyte subset is more permissive to infection and preferentially harbors HIV-1 in vivo. J. Immunol. 2007; 178:6581–9.
Elliott, J.H., F. Wightman, A. Solomon, et al. Activation of HIV Transcription with Short-Course Vorinostat in HIV-Infected Patients on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. PLoS Pathog. 2014; 10:e1004473.
Embretson, J., M. Zupancic, J.L. Ribas, et al. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature. 1993; 362:359–62.
Estes, J.D. Pathobiology of HIV/SIV-associated changes in secondary lymphoid tissues. Immunol. Rev. 2013; 254:65–77.
Estes, J.D., C. Kityo, F. Ssali, et al. Defining total-body AIDS-virus burden with implications for curative strategies. Nat. Med. 2017; 23:1271–1276.
Estes, J.D., C. Reilly, C.M. Trubey, et al. Antifibrotic Therapy in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Preserves CD4+ T-Cell Populations and Improves Immune Reconstitution With Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 2015; 211:744–754.
d’Ettorre, G., S. Baroncelli, L. Micci, et al. Reconstitution of Intestinal CD4 and Th17 T Cells in Antiretroviral Therapy Suppressed HIV-Infected Subjects: Implication for Residual Immune Activation from the Results of a Clinical Trial. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9:e109791.
Evans, L.A., G. Thomson-Honnebier, K. Steimer, et al. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is directed against both the gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins of HIV. AIDS 1989; 3:273–6.
Fausther-Bovendo, H., N. Wauquier, J. Cherfils-Vicini, et al. NKG2C is a major triggering receptor involved in the Vdelta1 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV-infected CD4 T cells. AIDS 2008; 22:217–26.
Fellay, J., K.V. Shianna, D. Ge, et al. A whole-genome association study of major determinants for host control of HIV-1. Science. 2007; 317:944–7.
Fromentin, R., S. DaFonseca, C.T. Costiniuk, et al. PD-1 blockade potentiates HIV latency reversal ex vivo in CD4 + T cells from ART-suppressed individuals. Nat. Commun. 2019; 18:814.
Fukazawa, Y., R. Lum, A.A. Okoye, et al. B cell follicle sanctuary permits persistent productive simian immunodeficiency virus infection in elite controllers. Nat. Med. 2015; 21:132–139.
Furci, L., L. Lopalco, P. Loverro, et al. Non-cytotoxic inhibition of HIV-1 infection by unstimulated CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-exposed-uninfected individuals. AIDS 2002; 16:1003–8.
Furci, L., G. Scarlatti, S. Burastero, et al. Antigen-driven C-C chemokine-mediated HIV-1 suppression by CD4(+) T cells from exposed uninfected individuals expressing the wild-type CCR-5 allele. J. Exp. Med. 1997; 186:455–60.
Ganusov, V.V., N. Goonetilleke, M.K.P. Liu, et al. Fitness Costs and Diversity of the Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) Response Determine the Rate of CTL Escape during Acute and Chronic Phases of HIV Infection. J. Virol. 2011; 85:10518–10528.
Gao, F., M. Bonsignori, H.-X. Liao, et al. Cooperation of B Cell Lineages in Induction of HIV-1-Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell. 2014; 158:481–491.
Gao, X., A. Bashirova, A.K.N. Iversen, et al. AIDS restriction HLA allotypes target distinct intervals of HIV-1 pathogenesis. Nat. Med. 2005; 11:1290–2.
Gao, X., G.W. Nelson, P. Karacki, et al. Effect of a single amino acid change in MHC class I molecules on the rate of progression to AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344:1668–75.
García, F., N. Climent, A.C. Guardo, et al. A Dendritic Cell–Based Vaccine Elicits T Cell Responses Associated with Control of HIV-1 Replication. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013; 5:166ra2-166ra2.
Gattinoni, L., E. Lugli, Y. Ji, et al. A human memory T cell subset with stem cell-like properties. Nat. Med. 2011; 17:1290–1297.
Gavegnano, C., J.H. Brehm, F.P. Dupuy, et al. Novel mechanisms to inhibit HIV reservoir seeding using Jak inhibitors. PLoS Pathog. 2017; 13:e1006740.
Geleziunas, R., W. Xu, K. Takeda, et al. HIV-1 Nef inhibits ASK1-dependent death signalling providing a potential mechanism for protecting the infected host cell. Nature. 2001; 410:834–8.
George, M.D., E. Reay, S. Sankaran, and S. Dandekar. Early antiretroviral therapy for simian immunodeficiency virus infection leads to mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration and enhanced gene expression regulating mucosal repair and regeneration. J. Virol. 2005; 79:2709–19.
Goh, W.C., J. Markee, R.E. Akridge, et al. Protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in persons with repeated exposure: evidence for T cell immunity in the absence of inherited CCR5 coreceptor defects. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 179:548–57.
Gordon, S.N., N.R. Klatt, S.E. Bosinger, et al. Severe depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells in AIDS-free simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys. J. Immunol. 2007; 179:3026–34.
Gorochov, G., A.U. Neumann, A. Kereveur, et al. Perturbation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell repertoires during progression to AIDS and regulation of the CD4+ repertoire during antiviral therapy. Nat. Med. 1998; 4:215–21.
Goulder, P.J., R.E. Phillips, R.A. Colbert, et al. Late escape from an immunodominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response associated with progression to AIDS. Nat. Med. 1997; 3:212–7.
Goulder, P.J.R., C. Brander, Y. Tang, et al. Evolution and transmission of stable CTL escape mutations in HIV infection. Nature. 2001; 412:334–338.
Goulder, P.J.R., and B.D. Walker. HIV and HLA Class I: an evolving relationship. Immunity. 2012; 37:426–440.
Halper-Stromberg, A., C.-L. Lu, F. Klein, et al. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Inducers Decrease Rebound from HIV-1 Latent Reservoirs in Humanized Mice. Cell. 2014; 158:989–999.
Hammond, S.A., R.C. Bollinger, P.E. Stanhope, et al. Comparative clonal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes isolated from seronegative humans immunized with candidate HIV-1 vaccines. J. Exp. Med. 1992; 176:1531–42.
Hansen, S.G., M. Piatak, A.B. Ventura, et al. Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection. Nature. 2013; 502.
Hansen, S.G., H.L. Wu, B.J. Burwitz, et al. Broadly targeted CD8+ T cell responses restricted by major histocompatibility complex E. Science. 2016; 351:714–720.
Hatziioannou, T., and D.T. Evans. Animal models for HIV/AIDS research. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012; 10:852–867.
Hazenberg, M.D., J.W. Stuart, S.A. Otto, et al. T-cell division in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is mainly due to immune activation: a longitudinal analysis in patients before and during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Blood. 2000; 95:249–55.
Herasimtschuk, A., J. Downey, M. Nelson, et al. Therapeutic immunisation plus cytokine and hormone therapy improves CD4 T-cell counts, restores anti-HIV-1 responses and reduces immune activation in treated chronic HIV-1 infection. Vaccine. 2014; 32:7005–7013.
Herasimtschuk, A.A., B.R. Hansen, A. Langkilde, et al. Low-dose growth hormone for 40 weeks induces HIV-1-specific T cell responses in patients on effective combination anti-retroviral therapy. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2013; 173:444–453.
Herzig, E., K.C. Kim, T.A. Packard, et al. Attacking Latent HIV with convertible CAR-T Cells, a Highly Adaptable Killing Platform. Cell. 2019; 179:880-894.e10.
Hessell, A.J., L. Hangartner, M. Hunter, et al. Fc receptor but not complement binding is important in antibody protection against HIV. Nature. 2007 449:101–104.
Hessell, A.J., E.G. Rakasz, P. Poignard, et al. Broadly Neutralizing Human Anti-HIV Antibody 2G12 Is Effective in Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge Even at Low Serum Neutralizing Titers. PLoS Pathog. 2009; 5:e1000433.
Hickman, H.D., G.V. Reynoso, B.F. Ngudiankama, et al. CXCR3 Chemokine Receptor Enables Local CD8+ T Cell Migration for the Destruction of Virus-Infected Cells. Immunity. 2015; 42:524–537.
Ho, D.D., A.U. Neumann, A.S. Perelson, et al. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1995; 373:123–6.
Hogan, C.M., and S.M. Hammer. Host determinants in HIV infection and disease. Part 1: cellular and humoral immune responses. Ann. Intern. Med. 2001; 134:761–76.
Hu, H., M.A. Eller, S. Zafar, et al. Preferential infection of human Ad5-specific CD4 T cells by HIV in Ad5 naturally exposed and recombinant Ad5-HIV vaccinated individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2014; 111:13439–13444.
Hunt, P.W., J. Brenchley, E. Sinclair, et al. Relationship between T Cell Activation and CD4(+) T Cell Count in HIV-Seropositive Individuals with Undetectable Plasma HIV RNA Levels in the Absence of Therapy. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197:126–133.
Imamichi, H., G. DeGray, D.M. Asmuth, et al. HIV-1 viruses detected during episodic blips following IL-7 administration are similar to the viruses present before and after IL-7 therapy. AIDS 2011; 25:159–164..
Iqbal, S.M., T.B. Ball, P. Levinson, et al. Elevated elafin/trappin-2 in the female genital tract is associated with protection against HIV acquisition. AIDS 2009; 23:1669–1677.
Jacobson, D.L., J.A. McCutchan, P.L. Spechko, et al. The evolution of lymphadenopathy and hypergammaglobulinemia are evidence for early and sustained polyclonal B lymphocyte activation during human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1991; 163:240–6.
Jacobson, J.M., H. Wang, R. Bordi, et al. A randomized controlled trial of palifermin (recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor) for the treatment of inadequate CD4+ T-lymphocyte recovery in patients with HIV-1 infection on antiretroviral therapy. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1999. 66:399–406.
Jamieson, B.D., D.C. Douek, S. Killian, et al. Generation of functional thymocytes in the human adult. Immunity. 1999; 10:569–75.
Jenabian, M.-A., M. El-Far, K. Vyboh, et al. Immunosuppressive Tryptophan Catabolism and Gut Mucosal Dysfunction Following Early HIV Infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2015; 212:355–366. 7.
Jin, X., D.E. Bauer, S.E. Tuttleton, et al. Dramatic rise in plasma viremia after CD8(+) T cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J. Exp. Med. 1999; 189:991–8.
Juffermans, N.P., A. Verbon, D.P. Olszyna, et al. Thalidomide Suppresses Up-Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 on CD4+ T Cells in Humans. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 181:1813–1816.
Kalams, S.A., S.P. Buchbinder, E.S. Rosenberg, et al. Association between virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and helper responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. 1999; 73:6715–20.
Kalams, S.A., P.J. Goulder, A.K. Shea, et al. Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effector and memory responses decline after suppression of viremia with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Virol. 1999; 73:6721–8.
Kalams, S.A., S.D. Parker, M. Elizaga, et al. Safety and Comparative Immunogenicity of an HIV-1 DNA Vaccine in Combination with Plasmid Interleukin 12 and Impact of Intramuscular Electroporation for Delivery. J. Infect. Dis. 2013; 208:818–829.
Kalams, S.A., and B.D. Walker. The critical need for CD4 help in maintaining effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J. Exp. Med. 1998; 188:2199–204.
Kanazawa, S., T. Okamoto, and B.M. Peterlin. Tat competes with CIITA for the binding to P-TEFb and blocks the expression of MHC class II genes in HIV infection. Immunity. 2000; 12:61–70.
Kasang, C., A. Ulmer, N. Donhauser, et al. HIV patients treated with low-dose prednisolone exhibit lower immune activation than untreated patients. BMC Infect. Dis. 2012; 12:14.
Kaslow, R.A., M. Carrington, R. Apple, et al. Influence of combinations of human major histocompatibility complex genes on the course of HIV–1 infection. Nat. Med. 1996; 2:405–411.
Kaufmann, D.E., D.G. Kavanagh, F. Pereyra, et al. Upregulation of CTLA-4 by HIV-specific CD4+ T cells correlates with disease progression and defines a reversible immune dysfunction. Nat. Immunol. 2007; 8:1246–1254.
Kaul, R., T. Dong, F.A. Plummer, et al. CD8(+) lymphocytes respond to different HIV epitopes in seronegative and infected subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 2001; 107:1303–10.
Kaul, R., S.L. Rowland-Jones, J. Kimani, et al. Late seroconversion in HIV-resistant Nairobi prostitutes despite pre-existing HIV-specific CD8+ responses. J. Clin. Invest. 2001; 107:341–9.
Kaur, R., R. Bedimo, M.B. Kvanli, et al. A placebo-controlled pilot study of intensification of antiretroviral therapy with mycophenolate mofetil. AIDS Res. Ther. 2006; 3:16.
Kawashima, Y., K. Pfafferott, J. Frater, et al. Adaptation of HIV-1 to human leukocyte antigen class I. Nature. 2009; 458:641–645.
Khoury, G., J.L. Anderson, R. Fromentin, et al. Persistence of integrated HIV DNA in CXCR3 + CCR6 + memory CD4+ T-cells in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2016; 30:1511–1520.
Kim, Y., J.L. Anderson, and S.R. Lewin. Getting the “Kill” into “Shock and Kill”: Strategies to Eliminate Latent HIV. Cell Host Microbe. 2018; 23:14–26.
Klein, L., B. Kyewski, P.M. Allen, and K.A. Hogquist. Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don’t see). Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2014; 14:377–391.
Koenig, S., A.J. Conley, Y.A. Brewah, et al. Transfer of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes to an AIDS patient leads to selection for mutant HIV variants and subsequent disease progression. Nat. Med. 1995; 1:330–6.
Koup, R.A., J.T. Safrit, Y. Cao, et al. Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J. Virol. 1994; 68:4650–5.
Kovacs, J.A., R.A. Lempicki, I.A. Sidorov, et al. Identification of dynamically distinct subpopulations of T lymphocytes that are differentially affected by HIV. J. Exp. Med. 2001; 194:1731–41.
Kumar, B.V., T.J. Connors, and D.L. Farber. Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life. Immunity. 2018; 48:202–213.
Kvale, D., V. Ormaasen, A.-M.B. Kran, et al. Immune modulatory effects of cyclooxygenase type 2 inhibitors in HIV patients on combination antiretroviral treatment. AIDS 2006; 20:813–820.
Lajoie, J., K. Birse, L. Mwangi, et al. Using safe, affordable and accessible non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the number of HIV target cells in the blood and at the female genital tract. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 2018; 21:e25150.
Lang, W., H. Perkins, R.E. Anderson, et al. Patterns of T lymphocyte changes with human immunodeficiency virus infection: from seroconversion to the development of AIDS. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1989; 2:63–9.
Langlade-Demoyen, P., N. Ngo-Giang-Huong, F. Ferchal, and E. Oksenhendler. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in noninfected heterosexual contact of HIV-infected patients. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 93:1293–7.
Lathey, J.L., J. Tsou, K. Brinker, et al. Lack of autologous neutralizing antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and macrophage tropism are associated with mother-to-infant transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 180:344–50.
Lederman, M.M., L. Smeaton, K.Y. Smith, et al. Cyclosporin A Provides No Sustained Immunologic Benefit to Persons with Chronic HIV‐1 Infection Starting Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy: Results of a Randomized, Controlled Trial of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5138. J. Infect. Dis. 2006; 194:1677–1685.
Legrand, F.A., D.F. Nixon, C.P. Loo, et al. Strong HIV-1-specific T cell responses in HIV-1-exposed uninfected infants and neonates revealed after regulatory T cell removal. PLoS ONE. 2006; 1:e102.
Lehrman, G., I.B. Hogue, S. Palmer, et al. Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet. 2006; 366:549–55.
Leslie, A.J., K.J. Pfafferott, P. Chetty, et al. HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission. Nat. Med. 2004; 10:282–289.
Levy, Y., C. Lacabaratz, L. Weiss, et al. Enhanced T cell recovery in HIV-1-infected adults through IL-7 treatment. J. Clin. Invest. 2009; 119:997–1007.
Li, Q., L. Duan, J.D. Estes, et al. Peak SIV replication in resting memory CD4+ T cells depletes gut lamina propria CD4+ T cells. Nature. 2005; 434:1148–52.
Lifson, A.R., S.P. Buchbinder, H.W. Sheppard, et al. Long-term human immunodeficiency virus infection in asymptomatic homosexual and bisexual men with normal CD4+ lymphocyte counts: immunologic and virologic characteristics. J. Infect. Dis. 1991; 163:959–65.
Lim, A., D. Tan, P. Price, et al. Proportions of circulating T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype increase with HIV-associated immune activation and remain high on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2007; 21:1525–34.
Lindboe, J.B., A. Langkilde, J. Eugen-Olsen, et al. Low-dose growth hormone therapy reduces inflammation in HIV-infected patients: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Infect. Dis. 2016; 48:829–837.
Liu, R., W.A. Paxton, S. Choe, et al. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell. 1996; 86:367–77.
Locci, M., C. Havenar-Daughton, E. Landais, et al. Human Circulating PD-1+CXCR3−CXCR5+ Memory Tfh Cells Are Highly Functional and Correlate with Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibody Responses. Immunity. 2013; 39:758–769.
Lu, W., L.C. Arraes, W.T. Ferreira, and J.-M. Andrieu. Therapeutic dendritic-cell vaccine for chronic HIV-1 infection. Nat. Med. 2004; 10:1359–65.
Lu, X., B. Song, W. Weng, H. et al. CD4+ T Memory Stem Cells Correlate with Disease Progression in Chronically HIV-1-Infected Patients. Viral Immunol. 2017; 30:642-648.
Lund, J.M., K. Broliden, M.N. Pyra, et al. HIV-1-Neutralizing IgA Detected in Genital Secretions of Highly HIV-1-Exposed Seronegative Women on Oral Preexposure Prophylaxis. J. Virol. 2016; 90:9855–9861.
Mabondzo, A., R. Narwa, P. Roques, et al. Lack of correlation between vertical transmission of HIV-1 and maternal antibody titers against autologous virus in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1998; 17:92–4.
Mackewicz, C., and J.A. Levy. CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity: nonlytic suppression of virus replication. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 1992; 8:1039–50.
Makedonas, G., and M.R. Betts. Living in a house of cards: re-evaluating CD8+ T-cell immune correlates against HIV. Immunol. Rev. 2011; 239:109–124.
Malnati, M.S., E. Ugolotti, M.C. Monti, et al. Activating Killer Immunoglobulin Receptors and HLA-C: a successful combination providing HIV-1 control. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7:42470.
Malyshkina, A., E. Littwitz-Salomon, K. Sutter, et al. Fas Ligand-mediated cytotoxicity of CD4+ T cells during chronic retrovirus infection. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7:1–10.
Manganaro, L., P. Hong, M.M. Hernandez, et al. IL-15 regulates susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to HIV infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2018; 115:E9659-E9667.
Markowitz, M., F. Vaida, C.B. Hare, et al. The Virologic and Immunologic Effects of Cyclosporine as an Adjunct to Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Treated during Acute and Early HIV-1 Infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2010; 201:1298–1302.
Martin, M.P., and M. Carrington. Immunogenetics of HIV disease. Immunol. Rev. 2013; 254:245–264.
Martinez-Mariño, B., H. Foster, Y. Hao, and J.A. Levy. Differential gene expression in CD8(+) cells from HIV-1-infected subjects showing suppression of HIV replication. Virology. 2007; 362:217–25.
Martin-Gayo, E., M.J. Buzon, Z. Ouyang, et al. Potent Cell-Intrinsic Immune Responses in Dendritic Cells Facilitate HIV-1-Specific T Cell Immunity in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. PLOS Pathog. 2015; 11:e1004930..
Mattapallil, J.J., D.C. Douek, B. Hill, et al. Massive infection and loss of memory CD4+ T cells in multiple tissues during acute SIV infection. Nature. 2005; 434:1093–7.
McCune, J.M., R. Loftus, D.K. Schmidt, et al. High prevalence of thymic tissue in adults with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 101:2301–8.
McLaren, P.J., C. Coulonges, S. Ripke, et al. Association Study of Common Genetic Variants and HIV-1 Acquisition in 6,300 Infected Cases and 7,200 Controls. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9:e1003515.
McManus, W.R., M.J. Bale, J. Spindler, et al. HIV-1 in lymph nodes is maintained by cellular proliferation during antiretroviral therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 2019; 129:4629–4642.
Medzhitov, R. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature. 2007; 449:819–26.
Mehandru, S., M.A. Poles, K. Tenner-Racz, et al. Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Exp. Med. 2004; 200:761–70.
Migueles, S.A., and M. Connors. Success and failure of the cellular immune response against HIV-1. Nat. Immunol. 2015; 16:563–570.
Miles, B., S.M. Miller, J.M. Folkvord, et al. Follicular Regulatory CD8 T Cells Impair the Germinal Center Response in SIV and Ex Vivo HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog. 2016; 12:e1005924.
Miller, S.M., B. Miles, K. Guo, J. et al. Follicular Regulatory T Cells Are Highly Permissive to R5-Tropic HIV-1. J. Virol. 2017; 91. pii: e00430-17.
Milush, J.M., J.D. Reeves, S.N. Gordon, et al. Virally induced CD4+ T cell depletion is not sufficient to induce AIDS in a natural host. J. Immunol. 2007; 179:3047–56.
Monroe, K.M., Z. Yang, J.R. Johnson, et al. IFI16 DNA Sensor Is Required for Death of Lymphoid CD4 T Cells Abortively Infected with HIV. Science. 2014; 343:428–432.
Moore, C.B., M. John, I.R. James, et al. Evidence of HIV-1 adaptation to HLA-restricted immune responses at a population level. Science. 2002; 296:1439–43.
Mori, M., E. Leitman, B. Walker, et al. Impact of HLA Allele-KIR Pairs on HIV Clinical Outcome in South Africa. J. Infect. Dis. 2019; 219:1456–1463.
Mudd, J.C., and J.M. Brenchley. Gut Mucosal Barrier Dysfunction, Microbial Dysbiosis, and Their Role in HIV-1 Disease Progression. J. Infect. Dis. 2016; 214:S58–S66.
Mudd, J.C., K. Busman-Sahay, S.R. DiNapoli, et al. Hallmarks of primate lentiviral immunodeficiency infection recapitulate loss of innate lymphoid cells. Nat. Commun. 2018; 9:1–12.
Muir, R., T. Metcalf, V. Tardif, et al. Altered Memory Circulating T Follicular Helper-B Cell Interaction in Early Acute HIV Infection. PLOS Pathog. 2016; 12:e1005777.
Muñoz-Arias, I., G. Doitsh, Z. Yang, et al. Blood-Derived CD4 T Cells Naturally Resist Pyroptosis during Abortive HIV-1 Infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2015; 18:463–470.
Murray, S.M., C.M. Down, D.R. Boulware, et al. Reduction of Immune Activation with Chloroquine Therapy during Chronic HIV Infection. J. Virol. 2010; 84:12082–12086.
Nicoletti, F., P. Fagone, P. Meroni, et al. mTOR as a multifunctional therapeutic target in HIV infection. Drug Discov. Today. 2011; 16:715–721.
Northfield, J.W., C.P. Loo, J.D. Barbour, et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific CD8+ TEMRA Cells in Early Infection Are Linked to Control of HIV-1 Viremia and Predict the Subsequent Viral Load Set Point. J. Virol. 2007; 81:5759–5765.
Offersen, R., S.K. Nissen, T. Rasmussen, et al. A novel toll-like receptor-9 agonist, MGN1703, enhances HIV-1 transcription and NK cell-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 infected autologous CD4+ T cells. J. Virol. 2016; 90:4441-4453.
Ogg, G.S., X. Jin, S. Bonhoeffer, et al. Quantitation of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma load of viral RNA. Science. 1998; 279:2103–6.
Ortiz, A.M., Z.A. Klase, S.R. DiNapoli, et al. IL-21 and probiotic therapy improve Th17 frequencies, microbial translocation, and microbiome in ARV-treated, SIV-infected macaques. Mucosal Immunol. 2016; 9:458–467.
Oswald-Richter, K., S.M. Grill, N. Shariat, et al. HIV infection of naturally occurring and genetically reprogrammed human regulatory T-cells. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2:E198.
Overton, E.T., S. Sterrett, A.O. Westfall, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on immune activation and T-cell function in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2014; 28:2627–2631.
Oxenius, A., D.A. Price, S.J. Dawson, et al. Residual HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell frequencies after prolonged antiretroviral therapy reflect pretreatment plasma virus load. AIDS 2002; 16:2317–22.
Pakker, N.G., D.W. Notermans, R.J. de Boer, et al. Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: a composite of redistribution and proliferation. Nat. Med. 1998; 4:208–14.
Pallikkuth, S., L. Micci, Z.S. Ende, et al. Maintenance of Intestinal Th17 Cells and Reduced Microbial Translocation in SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques Treated with Interleukin (IL)-21. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9:e1003471.
Pantaleo, G., J.F. Demarest, H. Soudeyns, et al. Major expansion of CD8+ T cells with a predominant V beta usage during the primary immune response to HIV. Nature. 1994; 370:463–7.
Pantaleo, G., S. Menzo, M. Vaccarezza, et al. Studies in subjects with long-term nonprogressive human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 332:209–16.
Paquin-Proulx, D., B.C. Greenspun, E.A.S. Costa, et al. MAIT cells are reduced in frequency and functionally impaired in human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection: Potential clinical implications. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12:e0175345.
Parada, N.A., D.M. Center, H. Kornfeld, et al. Synergistic Activation of CD4+ T Cells by IL-16 and IL-2. J. Immunol. 1998; 160:2115–2120.
Paroli, M., A. Propato, D. Accapezzato, et al. The immunology of HIV-infected long-term non-progressors--a current view. Immunol. Lett. 2001; 79:127–9.
Parren, P.W., P.A. Marx, A.J. Hessell, et al. Antibody protects macaques against vaginal challenge with a pathogenic R5 simian/human immunodeficiency virus at serum levels giving complete neutralization in vitro. J. Virol. 2001; 75:8340–7.
Paton NI, Goodall RL, Dunn DT, et al. Effects of hydroxychloroquine on immune activation and disease progression among HIV-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral therapy: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012; 308:353–361.
Pattacini, L., J.M. Baeten, K.K. Thomas, et al. Regulatory T-cell activity but not conventional HIV-specific T-cell responses are associated with protection from HIV-1 infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1999. 72:119–128.
Paxton, W.A., S.R. Martin, D. Tse, et al. Relative resistance to HIV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk sexual exposure. Nat. Med. 1996; 2:412–7.
Perkins, M.R., I. Bartha, J.K. Timmer, et al. The Interplay Between Host Genetic Variation, Viral Replication, and Microbial Translocation in Untreated HIV-Infected Individuals. J. Infect. Dis. 2015; 212:578–584.
Perreau, M., A.-L. Savoye, E.D. Crignis, et al. Follicular helper T cells serve as the major CD4 T cell compartment for HIV-1 infection, replication, and production. J. Exp. Med. 2013; 210:143–156.
Pettersen, F.O., E.A. Torheim, A.E.A. Dahm, et al. An Exploratory Trial of Cyclooxygenase Type 2 Inhibitor in HIV-1 Infection: Downregulated Immune Activation and Improved T Cell-Dependent Vaccine Responses. J. Virol. 2011; 85:6557–6566.
Piconi, S., S. Parisotto, G. Rizzardini, et al. Hydroxychloroquine drastically reduces immune activation in HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy–treated immunologic nonresponders. Blood. 2011; 118:3263–3272.
Piguet, V., Y.L. Chen, A. Mangasarian, et al. Mechanism of Nef-induced CD4 endocytosis: Nef connects CD4 with the mu chain of adaptor complexes. EMBO J. 1998; 17:2472–81.
Pilgrim, A.K., G. Pantaleo, O.J. Cohen, et al. Neutralizing antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary infection and long-term-nonprogressive infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1997; 176:924–32.
Pinto, L.A., J. Sullivan, J.A. Berzofsky, et al;ENV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in HIV seronegative health care workers occupationally exposed to HIV-contaminated body fluids. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 96:867–76.
Pitcher, C.J., C. Quittner, D.M. Peterson, et al. HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in most individuals with active HIV-1 infection but decline with prolonged viral suppression. Nat. Med. 1999; 5:518–25.
Pott, G.B., C.A. Sailer, R. Porat, et al. Effect of a four-week course of interleukin-10 on cytokine production in a placebo-controlled study of HIV-1-infected subjects. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 2007; 18:49–58.
Price, D.A., P.J. Goulder, P. Klenerman, et al. Positive selection of HIV-1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variants during primary infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94:1890–5.
Qin, K., S. Boppana, V.Y. Du, et al. CD8 T cells targeting adapted epitopes in chronic HIV infection promote dendritic cell maturation and CD4 T cell trans-infection. PLOS Pathog. 2019; 15:e1007970.
Radebe, M., K. Gounder, M. Mokgoro, et al. Broad and persistent Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are associated with viral control but rarely drive viral escape during primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2014; 29:23-33.
Rajapaksa, U.S., D. Li, Y.-C. Peng, et al. HLA-B may be more protective against HIV-1 than HLA-A because it resists negative regulatory factor (Nef) mediated down-regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012; 109:13353–13358.
Rasmussen, T.A., M. Tolstrup, C.R. Brinkmann, et al. Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, for latent-virus reactivation in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy: a phase 1/2, single group, clinical trial. Lancet HIV. 2014; 1:e13–e21..
Ridge, J.P., F. Di Rosa, and P. Matzinger. A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell. Nature. 1998; 393:474–8.
Rizzardi, G.P., A. Harari, B. Capiluppi, et al. Treatment of primary HIV-1 infection with cyclosporin A coupled with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Clin. Invest. 2002; 109:681–688.
Rosenberg, E.S., J.M. Billingsley, A.M. Caliendo, et al. Vigorous HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell responses associated with control of viremia. Science. 1997; 278:1447–50.
Routy, J.-P., J. Angel, M. Patel, et al. Assessment of chloroquine as a modulator of immune activation to improve CD4 recovery in immune nonresponding HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2015; 16:48–56.
Rowland-Jones, S., J. Sutton, K. Ariyoshi, et al. HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cells in HIV-exposed but uninfected Gambian women. Nat. Med. 1995; 1:59–64.
Rowland-Jones, S.L., T. Dong, K.R. Fowke, et al. Cytotoxic T cell responses to multiple conserved HIV epitopes in HIV-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi. J. Clin. Invest. 1998; 102:1758–65.
Ruiz-Riol, M., A. Llano, J. Ibarrondo, et al. Alternative Effector-Function Profiling Identifies Broad HIV-Specific T-Cell Responses in Highly HIV-Exposed Individuals Who Remain Uninfected. J. Infect. Dis. 2015; 211:936–946.
Sáez-Cirión, A., C. Bacchus, L. Hocqueloux, et al. Post-Treatment HIV-1 Controllers with a Long-Term Virological Remission after the Interruption of Early Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9:e1003211.
Saez-Cirion, A., B. Jacquelin, F. Barré-Sinoussi, et al. Immune responses during spontaneous control of HIV and AIDS: what is the hope for a cure? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2014; 369:20130436.
Sandler, N.G., S.E. Bosinger, J.D. Estes, et al. Type I interferon responses in rhesus macaques prevent SIV infection and slow disease progression. Nature. 2014; 511:601–605.
Sankaran, S., M.D. George, E. Reay, M. Guadalupe, et al. Rapid onset of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in primary human immunodeficiency virus infection is driven by an imbalance between immune response and mucosal repair and regeneration. J. Virol. 2008; 82:538–45.
Scheid, J.F., H. Mouquet, B. Ueberheide, et al. Sequence and structural convergence of broad and potent HIV antibodies that mimic CD4 binding. Science. 2011; 333:1633–1637.
Schmitz, J.E., M.J. Kuroda, S. Santra, et al. Control of viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection by CD8+ lymphocytes. Science. 1999; 283:857–60.
Schuetz, A., C. Deleage, I. Sereti, et al. Initiation of ART during Early Acute HIV Infection Preserves Mucosal Th17 Function and Reverses HIV-Related Immune Activation. PLoS Pathog. 2014; 10:e1004543.
Schwartz, O., V. Maréchal, S. Le Gall, et al. Endocytosis of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is induced by the HIV-1 Nef protein. Nat. Med. 1996; 2:338–42.
Seaton, K.E., L. Ballweber, A. Lan, et al. HIV-1 Specific IgA Detected in Vaginal Secretions of HIV Uninfected Women Participating in a Microbicide Trial in Southern Africa Are Primarily Directed Toward gp120 and gp140 Specificities. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9:e101863.
Seeger, M., K. Ferrell, R. Frank, and W. Dubiel. HIV-1 tat inhibits the 20 S proteasome and its 11 S regulator-mediated activation. J. Biol. Chem. 1997; 272:8145–8.
Sengupta, S., and R.F. Siliciano. Targeting the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1. Immunity. 2018; 48:872–895.
Sereti, I., J.D. Estes, W.L. Thompson, et al. Decreases in Colonic and Systemic Inflammation in Chronic HIV Infection after IL-7 Administration. PLoS Pathog. 2014; 10:e1003890.
Sewell, A.K., D.A. Price, A. Oxenius, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to human immunodeficiency virus: control and escape. Stem Cells. 2000; 18:230–44.
Shridhar, V., Y. Chen, and P. Gupta. The CD8 Antiviral Factor (CAF) can suppress HIV-1 transcription from the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter in the absence of elements upstream of the CATATAA box. Virol. J. 2014; 11:130.
Smith, K.Y., H. Valdez, A. Landay, et al. Thymic size and lymphocyte restoration in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection after 48 weeks of zidovudine, lamivudine, and ritonavir therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 181:141–7.
Spits, H., J.H. Bernink, and L. Lanier. NK cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells: partners in host defense. Nat. Immunol. 2016; 17:758–764.
Stranford, S.A., J. Skurnick, D. Louria, et al. Lack of infection in HIV-exposed individuals is associated with a strong CD8(+) cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96:1030–5.
Su, L., H. Kaneshima, M. Bonyhadi, et al. HIV-1-induced thymocyte depletion is associated with indirect cytopathogenicity and infection of progenitor cells in vivo. Immunity. 1995; 2:25–36.
Suffredini, A.F., H.D. Hochstein, and F.G. McMahon. Dose-related inflammatory effects of intravenous endotoxin in humans: evaluation of a new clinical lot of Escherichia coli O:113 endotoxin. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 179:1278–82.
Taborda, N.A., J.C. Hernández, J. Lajoie, et al. Short Communication: Low Expression of Activation and Inhibitory Molecules on NK Cells and CD4(+) T Cells Is Associated with Viral Control. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 2015; 31:636–640.
Tedla, N., P. Palladinetti, M. Kelly, et al. Chemokines and T lymphocyte recruitment to lymph nodes in HIV infection. Am. J. Pathol. 1996; 148:1367–73.
Thibault, S., R. Fromentin, M.R. Tardif, and M.J. Tremblay. TLR2 and TLR4 triggering exerts contrasting effects with regard to HIV-1 infection of human dendritic cells and subsequent virus transfer to CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology. 2009; 6:42.
Thibodeau, V., L. Fourcade, A.-C. Labbé, et al. Highly-Exposed HIV-1 seronegative Female Commercial Sex Workers sustain in their genital mucosa increased frequencies of tolerogenic myeloid and regulatory T-cells. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7:43857.
Trkola, A., H. Kuster, P. Rusert, et al. Delay of HIV-1 rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy through passive transfer of human neutralizing antibodies. Nat. Med. 2005; 11:615–22.
Tsai, A., A. Irrinki, J. Kaur, et al. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist GS-9620 Induces HIV Expression and HIV-Specific Immunity in Cells from HIV-Infected Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol. 2017; 91. pii: e02166-16.
Van Raemdonck, G., G. Zegels, E. Coen, et al. Increased Serpin A5 levels in the cervicovaginal fluid of HIV-1 exposed seronegatives suggest that a subtle balance between serine proteases and their inhibitors may determine susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Virology. 2014; 458–459:11–21.
Veazey, R.S., M.S. Springer, P.A. Marx, et al. Protection of macaques from vaginal SHIV challenge by an orally delivered CCR5 inhibitor. Nat. Med. 2005; 11:1293–4.
Villacres, M.C., N. Kono, W.J. Mack, et al. Interleukin 10 Responses Are Associated With Sustained CD4 T-Cell Counts in Treated HIV Infection. J. Infect. Dis. 2012; 206:780–789.
Vrisekoop, N., J. Drylewicz, R. Van Gent, et al. Quantification of naive and memory T-cell turnover during HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2015; 29:2071–2080.
Walker, B.D. Elite control of HIV Infection: implications for vaccines and treatment. Top. HIV Med. Publ. Int. AIDS Soc. USA. 2007; 15:134–6.
Wallis, R.S., R. Kalayjian, J.M. Jacobson, et al. A study of the immunology, virology, and safety of prednisone in HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 cell counts of 200 to 700 mm(-3). J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1999; 32:281–286.
Wang, S., J. Mata-Fink, B. Kriegsman, et al. Manipulating the Selection Forces during Affinity Maturation to Generate Cross-Reactive HIV Antibodies. Cell. 2015; 160:785–797.
Wei, D.G., V. Chiang, E. Fyne, et al. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Romidepsin Induces HIV Expression in CD4 T Cells from Patients on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy at Concentrations Achieved by Clinical Dosing. PLoS Pathog. 2014; 10:e1004071.
White, L., S. Krishnan, N. Strbo, et al. Differential effects of IL-21 and IL-15 on perforin expression, lysosomal degranulation, and proliferation in CD8 T cells of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV). Blood. 2007; 109:3873–3880.
Wibmer, C.K., J.N. Bhiman, E.S. Gray, et al. Viral Escape from HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Drives Increased Plasma Neutralization Breadth through Sequential Recognition of Multiple Epitopes and Immunotypes. PLoS Pathog. 2013; 9:e1003738.
Williams, N.S., and V.H. Engelhard. Perforin-dependent cytotoxic activity and lymphokine secretion by CD4+ T cells are regulated by CD8+ T cells. J. Immunol. 1997; 159:2091–2099.
Wilson, C.C., R.C. Brown, B.T. Korber, et al. Frequent detection of escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 transmission: the ariel project for the prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to infant. J. Virol. 1999; 73:3975–85.
Wilson, J.D., G.S. Ogg, R.L. Allen, et al. Direct visualization of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes during primary infection. AIDS 2000; 14:225–33.
Winckelmann, A.A., L.V. Munk-Petersen, T.A. Rasmussen, et al. Administration of a Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist Decreases the Proviral Reservoir in Virologically Suppressed HIV-Infected Patients. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8:e62074.
Wohl, D.A., F.T. Aweeka, J. Schmitz, et al. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Effects of Thalidomide in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: AIDS Clinical Trials Group 267. J. Infect. Dis. 2002; 185:1359–1363.
Wu, J., and Z.J. Chen. Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling of Cytosolic Nucleic Acids. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2014; 32:461–488.
Wykes, M.N., and S.R. Lewin. Immune checkpoint blockade in infectious diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2018; 18:91–104.
Xu, H., X. Wang, D.X. Liu, et al. IL-17-producing innate lymphoid cells are restricted to mucosal tissues and are depleted in SIV-infected macaques. Mucosal Immunol. 2012; 5:658–669.
Yamamoto, H., M. Kawada, A. Takeda, et al. Post-infection immunodeficiency virus control by neutralizing antibodies. PLoS ONE. 2007; 2:e540.
Yang, O.O., and B.D. Walker. CD8+ cells in human immunodeficiency virus type I pathogenesis: cytolytic and noncytolytic inhibition of viral replication. Adv. Immunol. 1997; 66:273–311.
Yao, X.-D., R.W. Omange, B.M. Henrick, et al. Acting locally: innate mucosal immunity in resistance to HIV-1 infection in Kenyan commercial sex workers. Mucosal Immunol. 2014; 7:268–279.
Yatim, N., S. Cullen, and M.L. Albert. Dying cells actively regulate adaptive immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2017; 17:262–275.
Zaunders, J.J., M.L. Munier, N. Seddiki, et al. High Levels of Human Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Peripheral Blood Revealed by Stimulated Coexpression of CD25 and CD134 (OX40). J. Immunol. 2009; 183:2827–2836.
Zeng, M., A.J. Smith, S.W. Wietgrefe, et al. Cumulative mechanisms of lymphoid tissue fibrosis and T cell depletion in HIV-1 and SIV infections. J. Clin. Invest. 2011; 121:998–1008.
Zhang, L., W. Yu, T. He, et al. Contribution of human alpha-defensin 1, 2, and 3 to the anti-HIV-1 activity of CD8 antiviral factor. Science. 2002; 298:995–1000.
Zhen, A., V. Rezek, C. Youn, et al. Targeting type I interferon–mediated activation restores immune function in chronic HIV infection. J. Clin. Invest. 2017; 127:260–268.
Zlotnik, A., and O. Yoshie. The Chemokine Superfamily Revisited. Immunity. 2012; 36:705–716.